Estimating is a Learned Skill

Estimating is a learned skill, used for any purpose from every-day life to management of projects. When I left for the airport this morning to catch my flight to a customer site I estimated, given the conditions, how much time I need to get to my favorite parking spot at DIA. When I landed in Boston, I asked the taxi driver how long it will take to get back to the airport on Wednesday at 3:00PM. He knew that answer. From my location at the office in the North End to the airport, between 7 to 12 minutes to the SWA terminal.

The same process for estimating is applied to multi-billion dollar projects we work. And the same process is applied to the Scrum development processes on those projects. 

Here's some materials that provide the tools and processes needed to learn how to estimate. Google will find these when there is no URL provided.

So when you hear we can't estimate you'll know better. And when you hear estimates are a waste you'll realize that person must work in a de minimis project, where those paying have no need to know how much it will cost, when the project will be done, and what Capabilities they'll get for that time and money before the time and money runs outs.

The primary purpose of software estimation is not to predict a project’s outcome; it is to determine whether a project’s targets are realistic enough to allow the project to be controlled to meet them ‒ Steve McConnell

• “Believing is Seeing: Confirmation Bias Studies in Software Engineering, “Magne Jørgensen and Efi Papatheocharous, 41st Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA)
• “Numerical anchors and their strong effects on software development effort estimates,” Erik Løhrea, and Magne Jørgensen, Simula Research Laboratory, Oslo.
• “Review on Traditional and Agile Cost Estimation Success Factor in Software Development Project,” Zulkefli Mansor, Saadiah Yahya, Noor Habibah Hj Arshad, International Journal on New Computer Architectures and Their Applications (IJNCAA) 1(3): 942–952.
• “Release Planning & Buffered MoSCoW Rules,” Dr. Eduardo Miranda Institute for Software Research ASSE 2013 ‐ 14th Argentine Symposium on Software Engineering / 42 JAIIO (Argentine Conference on Informatics) September 16th, 2013, Cordoba, Argentina
• “Fixed price without fixed specification,” Magne Jørgensen, Simula Research Laboratory, 15 March 2016.
• “The Use of Precision of Software Development Effort Estimates to Communicate Uncertainty,” Magne Jørgensen, Software Quality Days. The Future of Systems-and Software Development. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
• “The Influence of Selection Bias on Effort Overruns in Software Development Projects,” Magne Jørgensen, Simula Research Laboratory & Institute of Informatics, University of Oslo.
• “Software effort estimation terminology: The tower of Babel,” Stein Grimstad, Magne Jørgensen, Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold, Information and Software Technology 48 (2006) 302–310.
• “Planning and Executing Time-Bound Projects,” Eduardo Miranda, IEEE Computer, March 2002, pp. 73 ‒ 78.
• “When 90% Confidence Intervals are 50% Certain: On the Credibility of Credible Intervals,” Karl Halvor Teigen and Magne Jørgensen, Applied Cognitive Psychology Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19: 455–475 (2005).
• “Software quality measurement,” Magne Jørgensen, Advances in Engineering Software 30 (1999) 907–912.
• “Group Processes in Software Effort Estimation,” Kjetil Moløkken-østvold and Magne Jørgensen, Empirical Software Engineering, 9, 315–334, 2004.
• “Story Point Estimating,” Richard Carlson, ALEA, Agile and Lean Associates, 2013.
• “Project Estimation in the Norwegian Software Industry – A Summary,” Kjetil Moløkken, Magne Jørgensen, Sinan S. Tanilkan, Hans Gallis, Anette C. Lien, and Siw E. Hove, Simula Research Laboratory.
• “Software Estimation using a Combination of Techniques,” Klaus Nielsen, PM Virtual Library, 2013
• “An Effort Prediction Interval Approach Based on the Empirical Distribution of Previous Estimation Accuracy,” Magne Jørgensen and D. I. K. Sjøberg, Simula Research Laboratory, Norway.
• “Better Sure than Safe? Overconfidence in Judgment Based Software Development Effort Prediction Intervals,” Magne Jørgensen, Karl Halvor Teigen, and Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold, Journal of Systems and Software, February 2004
• “The Impact of Irrelevant and Misleading Information on Software Development Effort Estimates: A Randomized Controlled Field Experiment,” Magne Jørgensen and Stein Grimstad, IEEE Transactions of Software Engineering, Volume 37, Issue 5, September ‒ October 2011.
• “The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and Its Application to Software,” P. A. Laplante, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol. 15 No. 5 Oct 1990, Page 21.
• “Experience With the Accuracy of Software Maintenance Task Effort Prediction Models, Magne Jørgensen, IEEE Transactions On Software Engineering, Vol. 21, No. 8, August 1995.
• “Conducting Realistic Experiments in Software Engineering,” Dag I. K. Sjøberg, Bente Anda, Erik Arisholm, Tore Dybå, Magne Jørgensen, Amela Karahasanovic, Espen F. Koren and Marek Vokác, International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, 2002.
• “Forecasting of software development work effort: Evidence on expert judgement and formal models,” Magne Jørgensen, International Journal of Forecasting 23(3) pp. 449-462, July 2004.
• “Software effort estimation terminology: The tower of Babel,” Stein Grimstad, Magne Jørgensen, Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold, Information and Software Technology, 48 (2006) 302–310.
• “A Systematic Review of Software Development Cost Estimation Studies,” Magne Jørgensen and Martin Shepperd, IEEE Transactions On Software Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 1, January 2007.
• “Towards a Fuzzy based Framework for Effort Estimation in Agile Software Development,” Atef Tayh Raslan, Nagy Ramadan Darwish, and Hesham Ahmed Hefny, (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2015,
• “Evaluation of Model Evaluation Criterion for Software Development Effort Estimation,” S. K. Pillai, and M. K. Jeyakumar, International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Energetic, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Vol: 9, No: 1, 2015.
• “Modern Tools to Support DoD Software Intensive System of Systems Cost Estimation: A DACS State-of-the-Art Report, August 2007
• “Software Effort Estimation with Ridge Regression and Evolutionary Attribute Selection,” Efi Papatheocharous , Harris Papadopoulos and Andreas S. Andreou, 3rd Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Software Engineering Workshop, 7 October, 2010, Larnaca, Cyprus
• “The Business of Software Estimation Is Not Evil: Reconciling agile approaches and project estimates,” Phillip G. Armour, Communications of the ACM, January 2014, Vol. 57, No. 1.
• “Analysis of Empirical Software Effort Estimation Models,” Saleem Basha and Dhavachelvan P, (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2010,
• “Empirical Estimation of Hybrid Model: A Controlled Case Study,” Sadaf Un Nisa and M. Rizwan Jameel Qureshi, I.J., Information Technology and Computer Science, 2012, 8, 43–50.
• “Identification of inaccurate effort estimates in agile software development,” Florian Raith, Ingo Richter, Robert Lindermeier, and Gudrun Klinker, 2013 20th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC)
• “Efficient Indicators to Evaluate the Status of Software Development Effort Estimation inside the Organizations,” Elham Khatibi and Roliana Ibrahim, International Journal of Managing Information Technology (IJMIT) Vol. 4, No. 3, August 2012
• “Modern Project Management: A New Forecasting Model to Ensure Project Success,” Iman Attarzadeh and Ow Siew Hock, International Conference on Future Computer and Communication, 2009.
• “Using public domain metrics to estimate software development effort,” Ross Jeffery, Melanie Ruhe, and Isabella Wieczorek, Proceedings. Seventh International Software Metrics Symposium, 2001.
• “What We Do and Don’t Know about Software Development Effort Estimation,” Magne Jørgensen, IEEE Software, March / April 2014.
• “A review of studies on expert estimation of software development effort,” Magne Jørgensen, The Journal of Systems and Software 70 (2004) 37–60.
• “How to Avoid Impact from Irrelevant and Misleading Information when Estimating Software Development Effort,” Magne Jørgensen & Stein Grimstad Simula Research Laboratory.
• “Avoiding Irrelevant and Misleading Information When Estimating Development Effort,” Bente Anda , Hege Dreiem , Dag I. K. Sjøberg1, and Magne Jørgensen, IEEE Software, Volume 25, Issues 3, May-June, 2008.
• “Prediction of project outcome: The Application of Statistical Methods to Earned Value Management and Earned Schedule Performance Indexes,” Walt Lipke, Ofer Zwikael, Kym Henderson, and Frank Anbari, International Journal of Project Management, 27, pp. 400-407, 2009
• “The ROI of Agile VS. Traditional Methods? An Analysis of XP, TDD, Pair Programming, and Scrum (Using Real Options),” Dr. David Rico, http://davidfrico.com/rico08b.pdf
• “Exploring the ‘Planning Fallacy’: Why People Underestimate Their Task Completion Times.” Roger Buehler, Dale Griffin, and Michael Ross, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 67(3), Sep 1994, 366-38.
• “Estimates, Uncertainty, and Risk,” Barbara Kitchenham and Stephen Linkman, University of Keele, IEEE Software, May / June, 1997,
• “Software Project Scheduling under Uncertainties,” Intaver Institute Inc.
• “A Comparison of Software Project Overruns—Flexible versus Sequential Development Models,” Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold and Magne Jørgensen, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Volume 31, Issue 9, September 2005.
• “Cost Estimating Issues for MAIS Programs Using an Agile Approach for SW Development,” Richard Mabe, 22 September 2015, DoD Agile Meeting: Enhancing Adoption of Agile Software Development in DoD, September 2015, PARCA OSD.
• “An Empirical Investigation on Effort Estimation in Agile Global Software Development,” Ricardo Britto, Emilia Mendes, and Jurgen Borstler, 2015 IEEE 10th International Conference on Global Software Engineering
• “Planning, Estimating, and Monitoring Progress in Agile Systems Development Environments,” Suzette S. Johnson, STC 2010.
• “Improving Subjective Estimates Using Paired Comparisons,” Eduardo Miranda, IEEE Software, January/February, 2001.
• “A Comparison of Software Project Overruns—Flexible versus Sequential Development Models,” Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold and Magne Jørgensen, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Volume 31, Issue 9, September 2005.
• “Using Performance Indices to Evaluate the Estimate at Completion,” David Christensen, Journal of Cost Analysis and Management, Spring 17–24.
• “Reliability Improvement of Major Defense Acquisition Program Cost Estimates—Mapping DoDAF to COSMO,” Ricardo Valerdi, Matthew Dabkowski, and Indrajeet Dixit, Systems Engineering, Volume 18, Issue 4, 2015
• “Fallacies and biases when adding effort estimates.” Magne Jørgensen, https://www.simula.no/file/simulasimula2762pdf/download
• “The Use of Precision of Software Development Effort Estimates to Communicate Uncertainty,” Magne Jørgensen, Software Quality Days. The Future of Systems-and Software Development. Springer.
• “Communication of software cost estimates,” Magne Jørgensen, https://simula.no/file/simulasimula2498pdf/download
• “Relative Estimation of Software Development Effort: It Matters With What and How You Compare,” Magne Jørgensen, IEEE Software(2013): 74-79.
• “Reasons for Software Effort Estimation Error: Impact of Respondent Role, Information Collection Approach, and Data Analysis Method Magne,” Jørgensen and Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold, IEEE Transactions On Software Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 12, December 2004.
• “Use Case Points: An estimation approach,” Gautam Banerjee, https://gl/QcPmYd
• “Software Cost Estimation Methods: A Review, “ Vahid Khatibi and Dayang N. A. Jawawi, Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, Volume 2 No. 1.
• “Software cost estimation,” Chapter 26, Software Engineering, 9^th Edition, Ian Sommerville, 2010.
• “Estimating Development Time and Effort of Software Projects by using a Neuro-Fuzzy Approach,” Venus Marza and Mohammad Teshnehlab, in Advanced Technologies, INTECH Open, October 2009.
• “Function Points, Use Case Points, Story Points: Observations From a Case Study,” Joe Schofield, Alan W. Armentrout, and Regina M. Trujillo, CrossTalk: The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, May–June 2013.
• “Advanced Topics in Agile Estimating,” Mike Cohn, Mountain Goat Software
• “Schedule Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Schedule Assessment,” GAO-16-89G.
• Agile Estimating and Planning, Mike Cohn, Prentice Hall, 2006
• ” A Bayesian Software Estimating Model Using a Generalized g-Prior Approach,” Sunita Chulani and Bert Steece, Technical Report, USC-CSE-98515
• “A Model for Software Development Effort and Cost Estimation,” Krishnakumar Pillai and V.S. Sukumaran Nair, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 23, No. 8, August 1997.
• “An Alternative to the Rayleigh Curve Model for Software Development Effort,” F. N. Parr, IEEE Transactions On Software Engineering, Vol. SE–6, NO. 3, May1980.
• Fifty Quick Ideas to Improve Your User Stories, Gojko Adzix and David Evans, http://leanpub.com/50quickideas
• “The Use of Agile Surveillance Points: An Alternative to Milestone Reviews,” Richard “Dick” Carlson, http://a2zalea.com/wp–content/uploads/2014/02/Agile–Surveillance–Points_20140113.pdf
• “A Planning Poker Tool for Supporting Collaborative Estimation in Distributed Agile Development,” Fabio Calefato and Filippo Lanubile, ICSEA 2011, The Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering Advances.
• “An Effort Estimation Model for Agile Software Development,” Shahid Ziauddin, Kamal Tipu, Shahrukh Zia, Advances in Computer Science and its Applications (ACSA) 314 Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012.
• “Successful Solutions Through Agile Project Management,” ESI International White Paper, 2010.
• “Towards a Fuzzy based Framework for Effort Estimation in Agile Software Development,” Atef Tayh Raslan, Nagy Ramadan Darwish, and Hesham Ahmed Hefny, (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2015.
• “Improving Subjective Estimations Using Paired Comparisons,” Eduardo Miranda, IEEE Software Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2001.
• “Sprint Planning Optimization in Agile Data Warehouse Design,” Matteo Golfarelli, Stefano Rizzi, and Elisa Turricchia, LNCS 7448, pp. 30–41, 2012.
• “Effort Estimation in Global Software Development: A Systematic Literature Review,” Ricardo Britto, Vitor Freitas, Emilia Mendes, and Muhammad Usman, IEEE 9th International Conference on Global Software Engineering, 2014.
• “An evaluation of the paired comparisons method for software sizing,” Eduardo Miranda, Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Software Engineering.
• “Protecting Software Development Projects Against Underestimation,” Eduardo Miranda and Alain Abran, Project Management Journal, Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages 75-85, September, 2008.
• “Sizing User Stories Using Paired Comparisons,” Eduardo Miranda, Pierre Bourque, and Alain Abran, Information and Software Technology, Volume 51, Issue 9, September 2009, Pages 1327–1337.
• “Effort Estimation in Agile Software Development using Story Points,” Evita Coelho and Anirban Basu, International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS), Volume 3, Number 7, August 2012.
• “A Model for Estimating Agile Project Schedule Acceleration,” Dan Ingold, Barry Boehm, Supannika Koolmanojwong, and Jo Ann Lane, Center for Systems and Software Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 2013.
• “Cost Estimation in Agile Development Projects,” Siobhan Keaveney and Kieran Conboy, International Conference on Information Systems Development (ISD2011) Prato, Italy.
• “Analysis of Empirical Software Effort Estimation Models,” Saleem Basha and Dhavachelvan P, (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2010.
• IT Project Estimation: A Practical Guide to Costing Software, Paul Coombs, Cambridge University Press, 2003
• “Replanning, Reprogramming, and Single Point Adjustments,”
  July 2013, NAVY CEVM (Center for Earned Value Management).
• “Software Cost Estimating for Iterative / Incremental Development Programs – Agile Cost Estimating,” NASA CAS, July 2014.
• “Distinguishing Two Dimensions of Uncertainty,” Craig Fox and Güllden Ülkümen, Perspectives on Thinking, Judging, and Decision Making, Brun, W., Keren, G., Kirkeboen, G., & Montgomery, H. (Eds.). (2011). Oslo, Norway: Universitetsforlaget.
• “Could Social Factors Influence the Effort Software Estimation?” Valentina Lenarduzzi, 7th International Workshop on Social Software Engineering (SSE), At Bergamo (Italy), September 2015.
• “Object-Oriented Software Cost Estimation Methodologies Compared,” D. Gregory Foley & Brenda K. Wetzel, Society of Cost Estimating and Analysis – International Society of Parametric Analysts, 22 December 2011, pp 41-63.
• “Fix Your Estimating Bad Habits,” Ted M. Young, http://slideshare.net/tedyoung/fix-you-some-bad-estimation-habits
• “How to Estimate and Agile Project,” Saunders Learning Center, http://www.slideshare.net/FloydSaunders/how-to-estimate-an-agile-project
• Software Cost Estimation Metrics Manual for Defense Systems, Bradford Clark and Richard Madachy (editors), 2015.
• “Metrics for Agile Projects: Finding the Right Tools for the Job,” ESI International, https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/white–papers/metrics–for–agile–projects.pdf
• “The Sprint Planning Meeting, Richard “Dick” Carlson, http://www.a2zalea.com/wp–content/uploads/2014/02/SprintPlanningMeeting_20140118.pdf
• “Software Development Estimation Biases: The Role of Interdependence,” Magne Jørgensen and Stein Grimstad, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 3, May/June 2012.
• “Managing Projects of Chaotic and Unpredictable Behavior,” Richard “Dick” Carlson, http://www.a2zalea.com/wp–content/uploads/2014/02/Managing–Projects–of–Chaotic–and–Unpredictable–Behavior_20140219.pdf
• ‘Practical Guidelines for Expert-Judgement-Based Software Effort Estimation,” Magna Jørgensen, IEEE Software, May/June 2005.
• “How do you estimate on an Agile project?,” eBook, ThoughtWorks, https://gl/ES5M3c
• “Using the COSMIC Method to Estimate Agile User Stories,” Jean-Marc Desharnais, Luigi Buglione, Bugra Kocatürk, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Product Focused Software Development and Process Improvement
• “On the problem of the software cost function,” J. J. Dolado, Information and Software Technology 43 (2001) 61–72.
• Software Project Effort Estimation: Foundations and Best Practice Guidelines for Success, 2014th Edition, Adam Trendowicz and Ross Jeffery, Springer.
• “Unit effects in project estimation: It matters whether you estimate in work-hours or workdays,” Magne Jørgensen Journal of Systems and Software(2015).
• “Estimating Software Development Effort based on Use Cases – Experiences from Industry,” Bente Anda , Hege Dreiem , Dag I. K. Sjøberg1, and Magne Jørgensen, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on The Unified Modeling Language, Modeling Languages, Concepts, and Tools, Pages 487-502
• “A Neuro-Fuzzy Model with SEER-SEM for Software Effort Estimation,” Wei Lin Du, Danny Ho, Luiz Fernando Capretz, 25th International Forum on COCOMO and Systems/Software Cost Modeling, Los Angeles, CA, 2010.
• “A Program Manager's Guide For Software Cost Estimating,” Andrew L. Dobbs, Naval Postgraduate School, December 2002.
• “An Engineering Context For Software Engineering,” Richard D. Riehle, September 2008, Naval Postgraduate School.
• “Application of Real Options theory to software engineering for strategic decision making in software related capital investments,” Albert O. Olagbemiro, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2008.
• “Next Generation Software Estimating Framework: 25 Years and Thousands of Projects Later,” Michael A. Ross, Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics, Volume 1, 2008 - Issue 2.
• “A Probabilistic Method for Predicting Software Code Growth,” Michael A. Ross, Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics, Volume 4, 2011 - Issue 2
• “Application of selected software cost estimating models to a tactical communications switching system: tentative analysis of model applicability to an ongoing development program,” William B. Collins, Naval Postgraduate School
• “An examination of project management and control requirements and alternatives at FNOC,” Charlotte Ruth Gross, Naval Postgraduate School.
• “Software cost estimation through Bayesian inference of software size, In Kyoung Park, Naval Postgraduate School.
• “Using the agile development methodology and applying best practice project management processes,” Gary R. King, Naval Postgraduate School.
• “Calibrating Function Points Using Neuro-Fuzzy Technique,” Vivian Xia Danny Ho Luiz F. Capretz, 21st International Forum on Systems, Software and COCOMO Cost Modeling, Washington, 2006.
• Practical Software Project Estimation: A Toolkit for Estimating Software Development Effort & Duration, Peter Hill, International Software Benchmarking Standards Group.
• Software Estimation Best Practices, Tools & Techniques: A Complete Guide for Software Project Estimators, Murali K. Chemuturi, J. Ross Publishing, August 2009.
• Software Project Cost and Schedule Estimating: Best Practices, William H. Roetzheim, Prentice Hall.
• Estimating the Scope of Software Projects Using Statistics, Louis Newstrom, Louis Newstrom Publisher, December 4, 2015.
• “Organizational Structure Impacts Flight Software Cost Risk,” Jairus M. Hihn , Karen Lum, and Erik Monson, Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics, Volume 2, 2009 - Issue 1.
• “Estimate of the appropriate Sprint length in agile development by conducting simulation,” Ryushi Shiohama, Hironori Washizaki, Shin Kuboaki, Kazunori Sakamoto, and Yoshiaki Fukazawa, 2012 Agile Conference, 13-17 August 2012, Dallas Texas
• “Advancement of decision making in Agile Projects by applying Logistic Regression on Estimates,” Lakshminarayana Kompella, 2013 IEEE 8th International Conference on Global Software Engineering Workshops.
• “Estimating in Actual Time,” Moses M. Hohman, IEEE Proceedings of the Agile Development Conference (ADC’05), Denver, Colorado 24-29 July, 2005
• “Cost Estimation In Agile Development Projects,” Siobhan Keaveney and Kieran Conboy, ECIS 2006 Proceedings
• “Coping with the Cone of Uncertainty: An Empirical Study of the SAIV Process Model,” Da Yang, Barry Boehm , Ye Yang, Qing Wang, and Mingshu Li, ICSP 2007, LNCS 4470, pp. 37–48, 2007
• “Combining Estimates with Planning Poker – An Empirical Study,” Kjetil Moløkken-Østvold and Nils Christian Haugen, Proceedings of the 2007 Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC'07).
• “A Case Study Research on Software Cost Estimation Using Experts’ Estimates, Wideband Delphi, and Planning Poker Technique,” Taghi Javdani Gandomani , Koh Tieng Wei, and Abdulelah Khaled Binhamid, International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 8, No. 11 (2014), pp. 173-182.
• “Algorithmic Based and Non-Algorithmic Based Approaches to Estimate the Software Effort,” WanJiang Han , TianBo Lu , XiaoYan Zhang , LiXin Jiang and Weijian Li, International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, 10, No. 4 (2015), pp. 141-154.
• “Reducing Estimation Uncertainty with Continuous Assessment: Tracking the 'Cone of Uncertainty’” Pongtip Aroonvatanaporn, Chatchai Sinthop and Barry Boehm, Center for Systems and Software Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089, ASE’10, September 20–24, 2010, Antwerp, Belgium, 2010.
• “Integrated Approach of Software Project Size Estimation,” Brajesh Kumar Singh, Akash Punhani, and A. K. Misra, International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications 10, No. 2 (2016), pp. 45-64.
• “Investigating the Effect of Using Methodology on Development Effort in Software Projects,” Vahid B. Khatibi, Dayang N. A. Jawawi, and Elham Khatibi, International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications 6, No. 2, April, 2012.
• “Data-Driven Decision Making as a Tool to Improve Software Development Productivity,” Mary Erin Brown, Walden University, 2013
• “Applying Agile Practices to Space-Based Software Systems,” Arlene Minkiewicz, Software Technology Conference, Long Beach, CA 31 March – 3 April, 2014
• “Estimating the Effort Overhead in Global Software Development,” Ansgar Lamersdorf, Jurgen Munch, Alicia Fernandez-del Viso Torre, Carlos Rebate Sanchez, and Dieter Rombach, 2010 5th IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering
• “A Proposed Framework for Software Effort Estimation Using the Combinational Approach of Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks,” Pawandeep Kaur and Rupinder Singh, International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology 8, No. 10 (2015), pp. 73-80.
• “Software Estimating Rules of Thumb,” Capers Jones, http://compaid.com/caiinternet/ezine/capers-rules.pdf
• “Why Are Estimates Always Wrong: Estimation Bias and Strategic Misestimation,” Daniel D. Galorath, http://iceaaonline.com/ready/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/RI03-Paper-Galorath-Estimates-Always-Wrong.pdf
• “Using planning poker for combining expert estimates in software projects,” K. Moløkken-Østvold, N. C. Haugen, and H. C. Benestad, Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 81, issue 12 (2008) pp. 2106–2117.
• “Effort Distribution to Estimate Cost in Small to Medium Software Development Project with Use Case Points,” Putu Linda Primandari and Sholiq, The Third Information Systems International Conference, 2015
• “Estimation of IT-Projects Highlights of a Workshop,” Manfred Bundschuh, Metrics News, Vol. 4, Nr. 2, December 1999, pp. 29 – 37, https://itmpi.org/Portals/10/PDF/bundschuh-est.pdf
• “Curbing Optimism Bias and Strategic Misrepresentation in Planning: Reference Class Forecasting in Practice,” Bent Flyvbjerg, European Planning Studies 16, No. 1, January 2008.
• “The Use of Precision of Software Development Effort Estimates to Communicate Uncertainty,” Magne Jørgensen, Software Quality Days. The Future of Systems-and Software Development. Springer International Publishing, 2016.
• “Numerical anchors and their strong effects on software development effort estimates,” Erik Løhrea, and Magne Jørgensen, Journal of Systems and Software(2015).
• “A Neuro-Fuzzy Model for Function Point Calibration,” Wei Xia, Danny Ho, and Luiz Fernando Capretz, WSEAS, Transactions On Information Science & Applications, Issue 1, Volume 5, January 2008.
• “Unit effects in project estimation: It matters whether you estimate in work-hours or workdays,” Magne Jørgensen, Journal of Systems and Software(2015), https://simula.no/file/time-unit-effect-woauthorinfpdf/download
• “Fallacies and biases when adding effort estimates,” Magne Jørgensen, Proceedings at Euromicro/SEEA. : IEEE, 2014.
• “How Does Project Size Affect Cost Estimation Error? Statistical Artifacts and Methodological Challenges,” International Journal of Project Management 30 (2012): 751-862, https://simula.no/file/simulasimula742pdf/download
• “Does the Use of Fibonacci Numbers in Planning Poker Affect Effort Estimates?” Ritesh Tamrakar and Magne Jørgensen, 16th International Conference on Evaluation & Assessment in Software Engineering, 2012.
• “Using inferred probabilities to measure the accuracy of imprecise forecasts,” Paul Lehner, Avra Michelson, Leonard Adelman, and Anna Goodman, Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 7, No. 6, November 2012, pp. 728–740.
• “Software Development Effort Estimation: Why it fails and how to improve it,” Magne Jørgensen, Simula Research Laboratory & University of Oslo, https://simula.no/file/simulasimula1688pdf/download
• Contrasting Ideal and Realistic Conditions As a Means to Improve Judgment-Based Software Development Effort Estimation,” Magne Jørgensen, Information and Software Technology53 (2011): 1382-1390.
• Software Effort Estimation as Collaborative Planning Activity Kristin Børte, https://simula.no/file/simulasimula1226pdf/download
• “Human judgment in planning and estimation of software projects,” https://simula.no/file/simulasimula886pdf/download
• “Guideline for Sizing Agile Projects with COSMIC,” Sylvie Trudel and Luigi Buglione, http://cosmic-sizing.org/publications/guideline-for-sizing-agile-projects-with-cosmic
• “The COSMIC Functional Size Measurement Method, Version 3.0.1, Guideline for the use of COSMIC FSM to manage Agile projects, VERSION 1.0,” September 2011, http://cosmic-sizing.org/cosmic-method-v3-0-1-agile-projects-guideline-v1-0/
• “Using the COSMIC Method to Evaluate the Quality of the Documentation of Agile User Stories,” Jean-Marc Desharnais, Buğra Kocatürk, and Alain Abran, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Product Focused Software Development and Process Improvement, Pages 68-73
• “An Empirical Study of Using Planning Poker for User Story Estimation,” Nils C. Haugen, Proceedings of AGILE 2006 Conference (AGILE’06).
• “A Framework for the Analysis of Software Cost Estimation Accuracy,” Stein Grimstad and Magne Jørgensen, ISESE'06, September 21–22, 2006.
• “An Empirical Investigation on Effort Estimation in Agile Global Software Development,” Ricardo Britto, Emilia Mendes, and Jurgen Borstler, 2015 IEEE 10th International Conference on Global Software Engineering
• “Software Effort Estimation: Unstructured Group Discussion as a Method to Reduce Individual Biases,” Kjetil Moløkken and Magne Jørgensen, Incremental and Component-Based Software Development October 2003, University of Oslo.
• “A Case Study on Agile Estimating and Planning using Scrum,” V. Mahnic, Electronics And Electrical Engineering, No. 5(111).
• “Review on Traditional and Agile Cost Estimation Success Factor in Software Development Project,” Zulkefli Mansor, Saadiah Yahya, Noor Habibah Hj Arshad, International Journal on New Computer Architectures and Their Applications (IJNCAA) 1(3): 942-952.
• “A Collective Study of PCA and Neural Network based on COCOMO for Software Cost Estimation,” Rina M. Waghmode, L.V. Patil, and S.D Joshi, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 74– No. 16, July 2013.
• “iUCP: Estimating Interactive-Software Project Size with Enhanced Use-Case Points,” Nuno Jardim Nunes, Larry Constantine, and Rick Kazman, IEEE Software, Issue No. 04 - July/August (2011 vol. 28)
• “Estimating Software Project Effort Using Analogies,” Martin Shepperd and Chris Schofield, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, VOL. 23, NO. 12, NOVEMBER 1997.
• “Software Engineering Economics,” Barry W. Boehm, Software Information Systems Division, TRW Defense Systems Group, Redondo Beach, CA 90278
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  Hilton Hotel, Long Beach California
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• A Hedonic Approach to Estimating Software Cost Using Ordinary Least Squares Regression and Nominal Attribute Variables, Marc Ellis, BiblioScholar, 2012.
• “The Evaluation of Well-known Effort Estimation Models based on Predictive Accuracy Indicators,” Khalid Khan, School of Computing Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden
• Uncertainty Quantification: Theory, Implementation, and Applications, Ralph Smith, SIAM-Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, December 2, 2013.
• “A Knowledge and Analytics-Based Framework and Model for Forecasting Program Schedule Performance, Kevin T. Knudsen and Mark Blackburn, Complex Adaptive Systems, Los Angeles, CA , 2016
• “Managing Project Uncertainty: From Variation to Chaos,” Arnound de Meyer, Christoph Loch, and Michael Pich, IEEE Engineering Management Review 43(3):91 - 91 · December 2002
• “Project Uncertainty and Management Style,” C. H. Loch, M. T. Pich, and A. De Meyer, 2000/31/TM/CIMSO 10
• Effects of Feature Complexity of Software Estimates ‒ An Exploratory Study,” Ana Magazinius and Richard Berntsson Svensson, 40th Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, 2014
• Project Management Under Risk: Using the Real Options Approach to Evaluate Flexibility in R & D," Arnd Huchzermeier and Christoph Loch, INSEAD

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